Many people use the terms "bonding" and "attachment" as if they were the same. Actually they mean quite different things. Bonding has to do with the parent's tie to the infant that occurs in the first hours of life. We think of bonding as occurring almost instantly, when the parent first has contact with the infant at birth. That may be a magical moment for parents, but babies do not quite realize the first moments after birth as critical to building relationships with parents. Although babies do enjoy the closeness they feel with parents immediately after birth, bonding is basically a parent phenomenon.
The term "attachment" refers to a relationship between baby and parent that develops gradually and builds over a long period of time? both parties take a role in the relationship? you could call it a lifelong partnership.
Babies come into the world ready to build relationships with the adults who care for them. Babies communicate with caregivers by gazing at their faces, recognizing their familiar voices, grasping their fingers, smiling at them, and crying when they need or want them. As babies grow, they develop new ways of communicating and responding to caregivers. If parents learn their baby's cues and provide experiences that the baby finds consistent and responsive to his needs, he will develop a trust in himself and in others--a secure attachment relationship. It takes time for trust to develop, beginning from the earliest interactions between baby and caregiver through the first year of life.
Because this process is one of building a long-term relationship, even infants who did not have immediate contact with their parent (due to adoption, illness, or premature birth) can become securely attached. Even attachment that is not secure at the end of the first year may change for the better if circumstances improve. Only in a most peculiar case, for example, a child being reared in an institution with no stable relationship, would no attachment be formed.
However, there are instances where insecure attachment can develop. Children who are moved from one placement to another, or who experience repeated parental loss, are at risk for serious developmental problems.
Just as relationships between adults are based on what they do together over time, infant/caregiver attachment is also build upon all that is shared over the
Contact:
Erna Fishhaut
Kathleen A. Olson, Extension Educator, University of Minnesota, email: kaolson@umn.edu
phone: 507-536-6306
