18
Sep
2001
The United States risks a severe miscalculation in dealing with the destruction of the World Trade Center and the attack on the Pentagon last week.
This event is not an isolated instance of violence. This is not an "act of war." It is one symptom of a cancer that threatens to metastasize.
The root cause is not terrorist activity, as has been widely stated. It is the relationship between the United States and the Islamic world. Until this central cancerous problem is treated, Americans will never be free from fear.
Merely locating and hunting down a single "guilty party" in this case will not stop future violence: Such an action will not destroy the organization of terrorist cells already established throughout the world. Of greater importance, it will do nothing to alleviate the residual enmity against America.
The perpetrators of the original attack on the World Trade Center in 1993 were caught and convicted. This did not stop the attack on Tuesday.
The chief suspect is the Saudi Arabian Osama bin Laden, or his surrogates. He has been mischaracterized as an anti-American terrorist. He should rather be thought of as someone who would do anything to protect Islam.
Bin Laden began his career fighting the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979, when he was 22 years old. He has not only resisted the Soviets, but also the Serbians in Yugoslavia. His anger was directed against the United States primarily because of the U.S. presence in the Gulf region, more particularly in Saudi Arabia itself - the site of the most sacred Islamic religious sites.
According to bin Laden, during the Gulf War America co-opted the rulers of Saudi Arabia to establish a military presence in order to kill Muslims in Iraq. In a religious decree issued in 1998, he gave religious legitimacy to attacks on Americans in order to stop the United States from "occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places." His decree also extends to Jerusalem, home of the sacred Muslim site the al-Aqsa Mosque.
Bin Laden will not cease his opposition until the United States leaves the region. Paradoxically, his strategy for convincing the United States to do so seems drawn from the American foreign-policy playbook. When the United States disapproves of the behavior of another nation, it "turns up the heat" on that nation through embargoes, economic sanctions, or withdrawal of diplomatic representation. In the case of Iraq following the Gulf War, America employed military action, resulting in the loss of civilian life.
The State Department has theorized that if the people of a rogue nation experience enough suffering, they will overthrow their rulers, or compel them to adopt more sensible behavior.
The terrorist actions in New York and Washington are a clear and ironic implementation of this strategy against the United States.
Bin Laden takes no credit for actions emanating from his training camps in Afghanistan. A true ideologue, he believes that his mission is sacred, and he wants only to see clear results. For this reason, the structure of his organization is essentially tribal, or cellular, in modern political terms. His followers are as fervent and intense in their belief as he is. They carry out their actions because they believe in the rightness of their cause, not because of bin Laden's orders or approval. Groups are trained in Afghanistan, and then establish their own centers in places as far-flung as Canada, Africa, and Europe. Each cell is technologically sophisticated and might have a different set of motivations for attacking the United States.
Palestinian members of his group see Americans as supporters of Israel in the current conflict between the two nations. In the Palestinian view, Ariel Sharon's ascendancy to leadership of Israel has triggered a new era, with U.S. government officials failing to pressure the Israeli government to end violence against Palestinians. Palestinian cell members will not cease their opposition until the United States changes its relationship with the Israeli state.
Above all, Americans need to remember that the rest of the world has an absolute right to self-determination that is as defensible as our own. Despicable acts of terror such as those committed in New York and Washington are a measure of the revulsion that others feel at U.S. actions that seemingly limit those rights. If we perpetuate a cycle of hate and revenge, this conflict will escalate into a war that our great-grandchildren will be fighting.
William O. Beeman is a specialist on Middle East culture at Brown University. He has worked for the past four years in Tajikistan, where he has monitored developments in Afghanistan. This article comes from Alternet, the news service of the alternative press.
Some Web resources on Osama bin Laden:
• "Bin Laden Comes Home to Roost," 1998 MSNBC story by Michael Moran at (http://www.msnbc.com/news/190144.asp?cp1=1): "At the CIA, it happens often enough to have a code name: Blowback. Simply defined, this is the term that describes an agent, an operative, or an operation that has turned on its creators. Osama bin Laden, our new public enemy number one, is the personification of blowback." The story details how the CIA, in its effort against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, funneled training, money, and arms to Afghan rebels, including bin Laden.
• "Hunting bin Laden," Web site based on reporting done for PBS's Frontline series at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen). This extensive site has been updated with new information and interviews following last week's terrorist attacks. Quite possibly the single best resource for background on bin Laden, his activities, his history, and his organization.
The root cause is not terrorist activity, as has been widely stated. It is the relationship between the United States and the Islamic world. Until this central cancerous problem is treated, Americans will never be free from fear.
Merely locating and hunting down a single "guilty party" in this case will not stop future violence: Such an action will not destroy the organization of terrorist cells already established throughout the world. Of greater importance, it will do nothing to alleviate the residual enmity against America.
The perpetrators of the original attack on the World Trade Center in 1993 were caught and convicted. This did not stop the attack on Tuesday.
The chief suspect is the Saudi Arabian Osama bin Laden, or his surrogates. He has been mischaracterized as an anti-American terrorist. He should rather be thought of as someone who would do anything to protect Islam.
Bin Laden began his career fighting the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979, when he was 22 years old. He has not only resisted the Soviets, but also the Serbians in Yugoslavia. His anger was directed against the United States primarily because of the U.S. presence in the Gulf region, more particularly in Saudi Arabia itself - the site of the most sacred Islamic religious sites.
According to bin Laden, during the Gulf War America co-opted the rulers of Saudi Arabia to establish a military presence in order to kill Muslims in Iraq. In a religious decree issued in 1998, he gave religious legitimacy to attacks on Americans in order to stop the United States from "occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places." His decree also extends to Jerusalem, home of the sacred Muslim site the al-Aqsa Mosque.
Bin Laden will not cease his opposition until the United States leaves the region. Paradoxically, his strategy for convincing the United States to do so seems drawn from the American foreign-policy playbook. When the United States disapproves of the behavior of another nation, it "turns up the heat" on that nation through embargoes, economic sanctions, or withdrawal of diplomatic representation. In the case of Iraq following the Gulf War, America employed military action, resulting in the loss of civilian life.
The State Department has theorized that if the people of a rogue nation experience enough suffering, they will overthrow their rulers, or compel them to adopt more sensible behavior.
The terrorist actions in New York and Washington are a clear and ironic implementation of this strategy against the United States.
Bin Laden takes no credit for actions emanating from his training camps in Afghanistan. A true ideologue, he believes that his mission is sacred, and he wants only to see clear results. For this reason, the structure of his organization is essentially tribal, or cellular, in modern political terms. His followers are as fervent and intense in their belief as he is. They carry out their actions because they believe in the rightness of their cause, not because of bin Laden's orders or approval. Groups are trained in Afghanistan, and then establish their own centers in places as far-flung as Canada, Africa, and Europe. Each cell is technologically sophisticated and might have a different set of motivations for attacking the United States.
Palestinian members of his group see Americans as supporters of Israel in the current conflict between the two nations. In the Palestinian view, Ariel Sharon's ascendancy to leadership of Israel has triggered a new era, with U.S. government officials failing to pressure the Israeli government to end violence against Palestinians. Palestinian cell members will not cease their opposition until the United States changes its relationship with the Israeli state.
Above all, Americans need to remember that the rest of the world has an absolute right to self-determination that is as defensible as our own. Despicable acts of terror such as those committed in New York and Washington are a measure of the revulsion that others feel at U.S. actions that seemingly limit those rights. If we perpetuate a cycle of hate and revenge, this conflict will escalate into a war that our great-grandchildren will be fighting.
William O. Beeman is a specialist on Middle East culture at Brown University. He has worked for the past four years in Tajikistan, where he has monitored developments in Afghanistan. This article comes from Alternet, the news service of the alternative press.
Some Web resources on Osama bin Laden:
• "Bin Laden Comes Home to Roost," 1998 MSNBC story by Michael Moran at (http://www.msnbc.com/news/190144.asp?cp1=1): "At the CIA, it happens often enough to have a code name: Blowback. Simply defined, this is the term that describes an agent, an operative, or an operation that has turned on its creators. Osama bin Laden, our new public enemy number one, is the personification of blowback." The story details how the CIA, in its effort against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, funneled training, money, and arms to Afghan rebels, including bin Laden.
• "Hunting bin Laden," Web site based on reporting done for PBS's Frontline series at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen). This extensive site has been updated with new information and interviews following last week's terrorist attacks. Quite possibly the single best resource for background on bin Laden, his activities, his history, and his organization.
