In a debate that spanned eight hours, the Iowa Senate voted 48-1 late Thursday afternoon for House File 45, a bill that once made $500 million in budget cuts over three years and would now make a $6-million cut in the current fiscal year.

The near-unanimous vote came only after a party-line 26-23 vote for the Democratic strike-after amendment that pared back the House bill. Senator Jeff Danielson (D-Cedar Falls) said the end result is a bill that increases efficiency; increases transparency by creating a searchable budget database with both tax-expenditure and -comparison information; and deappropriates $6 million this fiscal year.

But Senator Roby Smith (R-Davenport) compared a box of tissues to a tack of 10 office boxes on his desk to illustrate the $6 million of savings in this bill compared to the $500 million in savings over three years in the version approved by the Iowa House. "I just don't understand how we can justify such little savings," he said.

Several Democrats became emotional and at least two were moved to tears on the Iowa House floor as they argued against a proposed constitutional amendment that would ban gay marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships, but the Iowa House went on to approve it on a 62-37 vote February 1 after a three-hour debate.

"This decision will spur hatred, and that hurts," said Representative Phyllis Thede (D-Bettendorf), her voice filled with emotion. "All of you here in some form are initiating hatred; that is not your intention but you are initiating it. ... What you're doing today, it only hurts you. It does nothing for anyone else."

Representative Beth Wessel-Kroeschell (D-Ames) urged the House not to label same-sex couples as second-class citizens. She said that House Joint Resolution 6 is extreme, and that only two states have approved amendments as restrictive. She argued that marriage is a basic civil right. And she said that gay and lesbian couples have been some of Iowa's best foster parents.

The emergence of a number of socially divisive issues has quickly set up a battle between Democrats and Republicans, and between the Iowa House and Senate, just two weeks into the 2011 legislative session.

"Our fear is ... we're going to be moving from one socially divisive issue to another," House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (D-Des Moines) said Thursday.

Fresh off the debate to end a state-funded preschool program created by Democrats, House Republicans this week either introduced or began moving forward on legislation that would ban late-term abortions; call for constitutional amendments to ban gay marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships; and define a right to life from the beginning of biological development.

McCarthy said Democrats have been told to prepare for committee work next week and House floor debate the following week on some of these issues. He said a return to the ban on stem-cell research will also be revisited.

"I understand that the new majority needs to do some things for their base, but the concern globally is if we spend the next several weeks, we are ... already 10 percent done with the session," McCarthy said. "We'll have spent the bulk of the session doing socially divisive issues that just tear our society apart, and I think away from what most voters want us to focus on, and that's basic bread-and-butter issues: education and health care and environmental issues."

Governor-elect Terry Branstad and incoming Department of Management Director Dave Roederer said Thursday that state expenditures are expected to exceed revenues by $605 million in Fiscal Year 2012 - more than twice as large as the gap projected by the nonpartisan Legislative Services Agency.

"We've got a big challenge," Branstad said. "A lot of one-time money has been used for ongoing expenses. We want to stop what we consider to be bad budgeting practices and really get us back into an affordable, sustainable way to deliver the best quality services in the most efficient and economical way that we can."

In a budget presentation Thursday at the Capitol to reporters and editors, Roederer said the projected budget "deficit" would be $1 billion for Fiscal Year 2013, nearly $1.2 billion for Fiscal Year 2014, and $1.3 billion for Fiscal Year 2015.